Neurological Disorders Arising from Cortical Lesions

A brain lesion is an abnormality in part of the brain tissue, often resulting from a stroke, from a traumatic brain injury, or from a tumor or other disease process. Cortical lesions are lesions occurring in the brain’s cortex--- the part of the human brain responsible for higher functions like cognition, as well as for sensory and motor functions. Depending on the location of the lesion, neurological disorders can arise after a stroke or injury in Boston, with the type of problems dependent on the location of the lesion. Different types of neurological disorders arise from lesions in different areas of the brain, with injuries to the frontal lobes, parietal lobes, temporal lobes, or occipital lobes producing different effects that correspond to the functions of the damaged area.

Neurological Disorders from Frontal Lobe Lesions

The brain’s frontal lobes are most strongly associated with what is called “executive function”. This refers to the ability to plan future actions, to contemplate the consequences of possible alternate courses of action, to modulate one’s responses based on what is socially acceptable, and to recognize patterns in systems or events. When a lesion in Boston occurs in the frontal lobes, executive function can become compromised as a result. Various behavioral changes can arise as a result. Sometimes a frontal lobe lesion will decrease a person’s volition and motivation, functions which are largely handled in the frontal lobes. The person can also become less socially inhibited and display inappropriate behaviors, or otherwise become more impulsive than they were before the injury occurred.

Neurological Disorders from Parietal Lobe Lesions

The parietal lobes play an important role in integrating sensory information, as well as in mathematical and spatial reasoning processes. The neurological disorders that result from parietal lobe lesions in Boston often correspond to which hemisphere is affected. Right parietal lesions often compromise mental imagery and the ability to visualize spatial relationships. Sometimes a right parietal lesion can also lead to a neurological condition called “left hemispheric neglect”, in which the person is no longer aware of, or in control of, the left side of their body. Left parietal lobe lesions often cause neurological disorders involving a loss of mathematical, reading, and symbolic reasoning abilities. Other neurological disorders associated with parietal lobe lesions in Boston involve ataxia, a loss of motor coordination ability; amorphosynthesis, a loss of perception of one side of the body, generally the side opposite the side on which the lesion occurred; and Gerstmann syndrome. Gerstmann syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by loss of the ability to write, loss of the ability to perform mathematical calculations, left-right disorientation, and finger agnosia.

Neurological Disorders from Temporal Lobe Lesions

Among the primary functions of the temporal lobes, which contain a brain structure called the “hippocampus”, is the formation of long-term memories. The temporal lobes are also involved in processing auditory sensory information; establishing object recognition and interpreting the meaning and importance of visual input; and recognizing and processing language. These functions can become impaired in Boston when lesions result from injury or stroke. One common result of temporal lobe lesions is the loss of the ability to remember visual stimuli, called visual agnosia. Another of the neurological disorders associated with temporal lobe lesions in Boston is prosopagnosia, a disorder in which a person loses the ability to recognize faces.

Neurological Disorders from Occipital Lobe Lesions

The occipital lobes, located at the back of the brain, are best known for containing the areas that process various aspects of visual information. Occipital lobe lesions in Boston most often lead to some form of vision loss. Often this take the form of homonymous hemianopsia, in which one side of the visual field is “cut off” in both eyes. Damage to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobes can cause total cortical blindness. When areas of the occipital lobes adjacent to the temporal or parietal lobes are damaged, phenomena like color agnosia--- a loss of the ability to recognize color--- and movement agnosia--- a loss of the ability to recognize motion--- can occur.

BOSTON: NEUROFEEDBACK FOR NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS

What is Neurofeedback Training? BrainCore Boston Explains

Neurofeedback training is quickly becoming one of the most popular drug-free therapy options in all of North America. Using it, patients are able to naturally address the symptoms of numerous conditions including ADHD, ADD, Anxiety, Insomnia, Depression, and even Migraines.
In this video, Dianne Kosto of BrainCore Therapy of Greater Boston gives an in depth explanation of what makes neurofeedback training so effective. She also answers the more basic question of: what is neurofeedback?

If ever the online video in this article is not functioning, you should visit here.
Also, make sure to visit our website at:  http://braincoreofgreaterboston.com/boston-adhd-therapy/

Herbs in Functional Medicine: Four Ayurvedic Herbs for Mind and Memory

The term functional medicine in Boston and elsewhere refers to a holistic approach to health and disease that emphases whole-body health, focusing on the complex interactions between the molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and organ-system levels that together comprise the human body. Functional medicine approaches to health care often incorporates principles and practices from traditional medicine systems. One such traditional medicine that overlaps with functional medicine is Ayurveda, an Indian system of theory and treatment about health and disease that has a very long history. Along with modern functional medicine, Ayurvedic medicine emphases the unity and complex interplay between mind, body, and personality; all of which influence one another. As seen in cultures in other regions of the world, ancient Indian Ayurvedic medicine has long incorporated a wide variety of herbal remedies. Some of these are still used in functional medicine in Boston, as well as throughout the nation. Some herbal remedies with a history of Ayurvedic use have applications for mind and memory functions. Four of these are guduchi, brahmi, vacha, and cinnamon.

#1: Guduchi

Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) is a vine native to areas of India, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. This plant has long been considered a divine herb in Ayurvedic practice and is still used today in functional medicine. Guduchi contains immune-enhancing properties, which make it a useful herbal remedy for conditions like allergic rhinitis (cold-like symptoms due to seasonal allergies). Although research has yet to confirm it, guduchi’s traditional uses also include enhancement of mental clarity. 

#2: Brahmi

Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) is traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine for epilepsy and asthma. It is still sometimes used in modern functional medicine. Brahmi contains naturally occurring chemical compounds that inhibit a chemical called acetylcholinesterase and activate another chemical called choline acetyltransferase, and these ingredients help to increase cerebral blood flow. Animal studies have corroborated that Brahmi extracts may protect against neurodegeneration. 

#3: Vacha

Vacha (Acorus calamus) has been used historically in Old World cultures in Britain, Egypt, and India. In Ayurvedic medicine, as well as in modern functional medicine, it is often used for its sedative effects, as well as for its laxative properties. It was also traditionally used to counteract side effects of entheogenic ritual hallucinogens, which can often cause nausea or dizziness as side effects. Studies of vacha’s effects in rats have demonstrated that it has a neuroprotective effect, protecting against stroke, neurodegeneration, and neurotoxicity. 

#4: Cinnamon

Cinnamon is usually used for culinary purposes, but in Ayurvedic medicine and in modern functional medicine it is also used for its medicinal properties. In addition to antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, compounds contained in cinnamon have been shown to inhibit Alzheimer’s disease in mice, which lends credence to its traditional use for mind and memory problems.

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE: NEUROFEEDBACK IN BOSTON

What is Complex PTSD?

Although complex post traumatic stress syndrome (C-PTSD) is not yet formally recognized as a diagnostic designation, a case is being made in the psychiatric community for the recognition of this disorder as distinct from the currently defined form of PTSD. PTSD, as it is currently defined and diagnosed in Mansfield and elsewhere, is a result of exposure to acute trauma. It often occurs in individuals who have either witnessed or experienced tragedies, such as combat, a violent death, assault, or a natural disaster. C-PTSD is distinct from PTSD in that complex PTSD results from repeated trauma. It often develops as a result of prolonged sexual, physical, verbal, or emotional abuse. It can also occur in people who have survived a long-term hostage situation.

Causes of Complex PTSD

Whereas traditional PTSD is associated with acute psychological trauma, complex PTSD results from prolonged and systematic trauma exposure. Complex PTSD is often associated with relational abuse, such as spousal or child abuse. One of the distinguishing characteristics of C-PTSD, as opposed to “simple” PTSD, is the presence of disorders and problems with interpersonal attachment. Attachment in individuals who suffer from complex PTSD tends to take a pervasive insecure or disorganized form.

Diagnostic Criteria for Complex PTSD

The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) has put forth a potential set of diagnostic guidelines for complex PTSD:

I.                    Alteration in Regulation of Affect and Impulses

a.       Affect regulation

b.      Modulation of anger

c.       Self-destructive behavior

d.      Suicidal preoccupation

e.      Difficulty modulating sexual involvement

f.        Excessive risk-taking

II.                  Alterations in Attention or Consciousness

a.       Amnesia

b.      Transient dissociative episodes and depersonalization

III.                Alterations in Self-Perception

a.       Ineffectiveness

b.      Permanent damage

c.       Guilt and responsibility

d.      Shame

e.      Nobody can understand

f.        Minimizing

IV.                Alterations in Relationships with Others

a.       Inability to trust

b.      Revictimization

c.       Victimizing others

V.                  Somatization

a.       Problems with the digestive system

b.      Chronic pain

c.       Cardiopulmonary symptoms

d.      Conversion symptoms

e.      Sexual symptoms

VI.                Alterations in Systems of Meaning

a.       Despair or hopelessness

b.      Loss of previously sustaining beliefs

Many researchers advocate differences in diagnostic criteria for children versus adults. In this conceptualization of complex PTSD, the disorder is further divided into an adult symptom cluster and a childhood symptoms cluster.

A child and adolescent symptom cluster for complex PTSD would encompass the following domains:

·         Attachment

·         Biology

·         Affect or emotional dysregulation

·         Dissociation

·         Behavioral control

·         Cognition

·         Self-concept

An adult symptom cluster for complex PTSD symptoms would include:

·         Difficulty regulating emotions

·         Variations in consciousness, including psychogenic amnesia, dissociation, or intrusive flashbacks of traumatic episodes

·         Changes in self-perception, often involving a chronic sense of helplessness, along with irrational self-blame and feelings of shame and guilt

·         Varying changes in perception of the person perpetrating the abuse; this may involve attributing too much power to that person, being preoccupied with revenge, or even idealizing that person

·         Alterations in relationships with others; this may take the form of isolation and withdrawal, inability to trust, or reliance on the idea of a “rescuer”

·         Loss of faith or overwhelming sense of despair

Treating Complex PTSD

As with diagnostic criteria for complex PTSD, researchers advocate differences in treatment approaches in children versus in adults, in order to account for differences between childhood and adult reactions to and results of trauma. Some of the principles and guidelines that have been proposed for treating complex PTSD in children include:

·         Identifying and assessing current threats to the child’s safety and well-being

·         Relational and strength based diagnosis and treatment

·         Treatment aimed toward enhancing the child’s self-regulatory abilities to improve their coping abilities

·          Determine when and how it is appropriate to fully address traumatic memories

·         Preventing and managing psychosocial crises and ongoing relational issues

In adults, complex PTSD researchers have proposed six core components for treatment:

·         Safety

·         Self-regulation

·         Self-reflective information processing

·         Integration of traumatic experiences

·         Relational engagement

·         Positive affect engagement

5 Health Risks of Chronic Stress

Many, if not most, people in Mansfield struggle with stress on a daily basis. Whether it’s a deadline at work, a car breaking down, bills, or relationship problems, the number of factors that cause stress in modern life are too numerous to list or count. A 2012 study by the American Psychological Association (APA) reported that 20%, or one fifth, of Americans self-rated their day-to-day stress levels as an 8, 9, or 10 on a scale of 1-10. Some researchers go so far as to classify stress as a nationwide public health epidemic.

What is stress? Stress is an organism’s reaction to environmental conditions or stimuli that the body interprets as dangerous or threatening. The human body responds to such “stressors” by engaging the sympathetic nervous system in what is sometimes called a “fight-or-flight response.” The stress response is mediated in the brain; mostly in the midbrain areas associated with emotion. Stressors are associated with the release of certain hormones. One of the best-known of these is a hormone called cortisol, a glucocorticoid steroid. Stress is a natural reaction that evolved in order to prepare us for threats to our health and safety. Nowadays, this reaction is triggered by work, relationships, and other more modern concerns.

If you’re like most people in Mansfield, you experience some level of stress on a fairly regular basis. Maybe you deal with a lot of stress. Maybe it’s rare that you don’t feel stressed out. You’re probably well aware that being stressed out is highly unpleasant and psychologically damaging, but you may not be aware of the many physical health risks associated with stress.

Health Risk #1: Stress makes you more likely to get sick.

The steroid hormone cortisol is released as part of the body’s “stress response”. The main function of cortisol is to redistribute energy, in the form of the sugar glucose, to parts of the body where it is needed in order to fight or flee from a threat. Cortisol also inhibits the immune system by inhibiting the proliferation of T-cells, a type of white blood cell instrumental in fighting off disease. The effects of cortisol on the immune system mean that chronic stress makes you more likely to come down with something. It is also part of why shingles most often occurs as a result of stress.

Health Risk #2: Stress Increases Your Risk of Developing Anxiety or Depression

People who have depression or anxiety in Mansfield tend to produce less serotonin and more cortisol in their brains. Elevated cortisol levels from chronic stress can also impede the synthesis of serotonin, due to its effects on tryptophan, a precursor molecule for serotonin. People who are chronically stressed are more likely to develop a mental health issue, such as depression or anxiety.

Health Risk #3: Stress Increases Your Risk of Heart Disease

In excess, such as when it is secreted in a stress response, cortisol raises blood pressure, meaning chronic stress in Mansfield is a risk factor for hypertension. Over time, stress increases a person’s susceptibility to cardiovascular problems.

Health Risk #4: Stress Impairs Your Memory

Chronic stress has a detrimental effect on your ability to learn and remember information. This is even truer for individuals who have, or are at greater risk for, mild cognitive impairment. In senior citizens, cortisol associated with chronic stress is associated with the development of dementia.

Health Risk #5: Stress Makes You More Likely to Gain Weight

Excess cortisol due to chronic stress may make people more likely to gain weight. One reason for this is that stressed people are more likely to overeat for a number of reasons. Being stressed makes it harder to stick to disciplined eating habits, as well as causing people to be more likely to indulge in “comfort food” that may temporarily alleviate the stress. Not only is this associated with weight gain, but cortisol is also associated with weight gain specifically in the abdominal area. Excess abdominal fat is known to be more of a health risk than fat stored in other areas of the body.

CHRONIC STRESS MANAGEMENT IN BOSTON

Sleep and the EEG

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a valuable diagnostic tool for physicians and researchers in the Boston area. One of the areas of science and medicine in which the EEG is extensively used is in the study of sleep and sleep disorders. Sleep is divided into phases, which are identifiable by the patterns observable on EEG recordings. Sleep stages are divided into REM (rapid eye movement) and NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep, with NREM further divided into three stages.

NREM Stage 1

Stage 1 NREM sleep, is a phase in between sleep and wakefulness. On an EEG, stage 1 sleep is associated with a transition in the brain from alpha waves (8-13 Hz) to theta waves (4-7 Hz). During this stage, a person’s muscle tone decreases and they lose most of their consciousness of the external environment.

NREM Stage 2

In Stage 2 NREM sleep, conscious awareness of the external environment disappears completely, although a person can be roused from stage 2 sleep fairly easily. In EEG recordings of people in stage 2 sleep, two distinctive patterns can be observed: sleep spindles and k-complexes. Sleep spindles consist of 12-14 Hz waves that last for about half a second. Scientists in Boston theorize that sleep spindles represent the brain inhibiting certain processes that might otherwise interrupt sleep. K-complexes consist of a brief, high-voltage peak followed by a slower complex. They occur every 1.0-1.7 minutes and are often followed by sleep spindles. They can occur spontaneously, but also occur in response to external stimuli such as sounds.

NREM Stage 3

Stage 3 NREM sleep in Boston is also called “slow-wave sleep” or “deep sleep.” The transition from Stage 2 to Stage 3 is marked by an increase in delta waves, which come to predominate during slow-wave sleep. EEG activity is synchronized, and consists of low-frequency, high-altitude wavelengths. Dreaming sometimes occurs in Stage 3 NREM sleep, although it is less common than in REM sleep. Slow-wave sleep is believed to be associated with consolidating memories within the brain.

REM Sleep

REM (rapid eye motion) sleep is characterized by rapid, random movement of the eyes. It generally comprises 20% to 25% of total sleep in adults, occurring in four or five periods during the night. Infants spend as much as 80% of their sleep time in REM. It is during REM sleep that dreams are most likely to occur. On an EEG, REM sleep can be seen to involve higher-frequency, lower-amplitude neural oscillations than NREM stages of sleep. REM EEG patterns are also more random and variable than EEG patterns during NREM sleep. Currently, evidence suggests that REM sleep may be important for consolidating procedural and spatial memory, whereas slow-wave sleep is more strongly associated with consolidating declarative memory. REM sleep is also thought to play a significant role in neural development, especially in infants.

EEG FOR INSOMNIA IN BOSTON 

Holistic Medicine that Works: Five Relaxing Herbal Remedies

If you’re stressed out or having trouble sleeping in Mansfield, there are some easy-to-come-by herbs that may help you get into a calmer state of mind. Many herbal remedies with long histories of medicinal use have been scientifically investigated, revealing natural occurring compounds that give the plants their effects. These five herbal remedies are often used as holistic medicine treatments to soothe anxiety and to remedy mild to moderate insomnia. If you’re feeling stressed, a calming herbal tea that incorporates some of these ingredients may help you to feel more relaxed and better able to deal with the problems causing the stress.

#1: Valerian Root

Valerian root (Valeriana officinalis) is an effective holistic medicine remedy for sleeplessness and anxiety. If you live in the Mansfield area and you’re struggling with mild insomnia, valerian root might just do the trick. Valerian root contains certain natural chemical compounds, including valerenic acids and sesquiterpenoids that have affinities for GABA receptors in the brain. GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid) is an important neurotransmitter. Benzodiazepines, a popular but troublesome class of prescription drugs used for anxiety and sometimes for insomnia, work via the same receptors. In addition to its sedative and anxiolytic effects, valerian also has some muscle relaxant qualities. Valerian root is often sold in capsules, and is also used as an herbal tea.

#2: Chamomile

Chamomile (Asteraceae family) is a tried-and-true holistic medicine remedy for relaxation. Chamomile contains numerous chemical compounds with medicinal effects, some of which act on GABA receptors. Chamomile also has anti-inflammatory effects and can soothe gastrointestinal discomfort. Chamomile tea is easy to find in Mansfield; you can usually find it at the grocery store.

#3: California Poppy

California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) is a flowering plant in the poppy family that is native to California. Historically, its leaves have been used by Native Americans for medicinal purposes. Although California poppy is related to opium poppy, it contains a different and much milder class of alkaloid chemicals. An aqueous extraction of the plant has sedative and anxiety-reducing qualities. In a study of the effects of California poppy extract on mice, it was shown to have affinities for the same receptors as benzodiazepines.

#4: Passionflower

Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata), also known as maypop, was first used medicinally by Native Americans and then later by European colonists. The fresh or dried leaves of this plant are often used to make a tea that soothes anxiety and insomnia. Many passionflower species, notably P. incarnata, contain a group of chemical compounds called beta-carboline harmala alkaloids. These chemicals function as MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors, lending them antidepressant effects. Clinical investigations of the efficacy of passionflower for anxiety have produced promising results. In one study, P. incarnata extract worked as well as oxazepam, a benzodiazepine, but with fewer adverse side effects.

#5: Lemon Balm

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) contains compounds, notably rosmarinic acid that inhibits an enzyme called GABA transaminase. This results in reducing anxiety and sedative effects. Studies indicate that lemon balm extract reduces stress, as well as improves mood and even enhances mental performance. These effects are attributed to the plant’s effects on muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. 

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Treating Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Children

Treating Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Children with Family-Based Exposure Therapy 

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is a relatively common anxiety disorder. OCD is characterized primarily by intrusive thoughts (“obsessions”) that cause significant and overwhelming anxiety, which often causes the person to engage in certain repetitious behaviors (“compulsions”) to try to temporarily relieve that anxiety. Although obsessive-compulsive disorder in Mansfield and the Boston area is more commonly diagnosed in adolescents and adults, this condition can also occur in children. OCD in children is arguably more difficult to deal with than obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults, and children often do not respond as well to psychiatric medications. However, a recent study has found compelling evidence that one form of behavioral therapy, called “Family-Based Exposure Therapy”, may be a particularly effective approach to pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder treatment. 

How is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Diagnosed in Mansfield? 

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Mansfield is diagnosed, usually by a psychologist or psychiatrist, based on an accepted set of diagnostic criteria. The ICD-10 lists the following criteria for a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder:

A. Obsessions and Compulsions.

·         OBSESSIONS are defined as:
 1.) Recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced at some time during the disturbance, are intrusive or inappropriate, and cause marked anxiety or distress.
2.) The obsessions are not exaggerated real-life worries
3.) The person attempts to ignore or suppress the obsessive thoughts, or to neutralize them with a different thought or action.
 4.) The person recognizes that obsessional thoughts arise within their own mind, rather than delusionally believing they have been “inserted” by an outside party

·         COMPULSIONS are defined as:
 1.) Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, often according to rules that must be rigidly adhered to
2.) These behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing distress preventing a dreaded turn of events, BUT these behaviors are excessive or irrational and not connected to the thoughts and anxieties in a realistic way.

B. The person has recognized that the obsessions and compulsions are not reasonable or rational. (This does NOT apply to children.)

C. The obsessions and compulsions are distressing, time-consuming, and interfere with a person’s normal activities.

D. The obsessions and compulsions are not restricted to another comorbid disorder (such as generalized anxiety or major depression).

               

To diagnose a child in Mansfield with obsessive compulsive disorder, a psychiatrist or psychologist must rule out other possible diagnoses, including autism-spectrum disorders, attention deficit disorders, and other anxiety disorders. 

Family-Based Exposure Therapy: A Promising New OCD Treatment for Pediatric Patients 

Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children can be difficult to approach and treat. In Mansfield adults, SSRI medications are sometimes incorporated into treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Although these medications can be effective for anxiety and depression in adults, however, they are not recommended for children. A better approach for treating obsessive compulsive disorder in children is to use behavioral therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or talk therapy.

Recently, a study conducted by the Bradley Hasbro Children’s Research Center has found that a technique called “family-based exposure therapy” was an especially effective approach for treating obsessive compulsive disorder in children between the ages of 5 and 8. Although CBT therapies have been well substantiated in adults and adolescents, there had previously been little research into their efficacy for young children.

Exposure therapy is often used to treat anxiety disorders in Mansfield, including obsessive-compulsive disorder. Exposure therapy is based on behavioral principles of “respondent conditioning”, famously discovered by Pavlov. This therapy approach aims to identify the thoughts and feelings leading to the anxiety response when a “trigger” is presented, and at reducing those responses though exposure to the stimulus. The “family-based” aspect refers to keeping the child’s family informed and involved in the treatment.

NEUROFEEDBACK FOR OCD

Warning: These Five Herbal Supplements May Be Harmful to Your Health

Many people in Mansfield use herbal supplements to either to treat a health condition or to increase their overall wellness. Although most herbal supplements are not FDA approved for the treatment or prevention of any diseases, and have not undergone rigorous, controlled peer-reviewed testing, most are benign; however, there are some supplements that could actually hurt you. There are five herbal supplements that may actually be harmful to your health and you may want to avoid if you’re interested in exploring alternative treatments like herbs and other supplements. 

#1: Colloidal Silver

Colloidal silver consists of particles of silver suspended in a liquid solution. In the early 20^th century colloidal silver was sometimes used for antibiotic purposes, but by the 1940s it had been supplanted by newer, safer antibiotics. However, in the 1990s colloidal silver experienced a resurgence as an alternative remedy. No one has yet produced any evidence that silver has any health benefits, although much evidence of its adverse effects has been produced. A 2012 study indicated that when applied topically to a wound, silver may actually worsen healing time. Silver is essentially toxic. Silver does not play any role in the human body, and can accumulate to toxic levels over time. The chronic use of silver-containing products can cause a condition called argyria, in which silver or silver sulfide particles accumulate in the skin and can cause cosmetic disfigurement. Because no one has found colloidal silver or other silver-containing supplement products to be effective, and because they can actually harm your health or even cause an allergic reaction, you’re much better off using a clinically proven antibiotic instead. 

#2: Aconite

Aconite is derived from a poisonous plant called monkshood (Aconitum napellus). It has been used traditionally in both Chinese and Indian Ayurvedic medicine to treat pain-related conditions such as arthritis; however, no supporting evidence of any anesthetic or analgesic effects has ever been produced via scientific study. In fact, it has been shown to be toxic to animals, including humans. Aconite can cause nausea, diarrhea, and heart arrhythmias, as well as muscle weakness and dizziness. Since this poisonous substance has no proven health benefits, it’s best avoided. 

#3: Greater Celandine

Greater Celandine (Chelidonium majus) is used as a mild sedative, as well as a treatment for liver ailments and gallstones. However, little evidence has been produced for these benefits, while evidence does suggest that this plant may be hepatotoxic and cause liver disease. This plant is best avoided. 

#4: Germanium

Germanium—not to be confused with geranium, the flower—is a trace element; #32 on the periodic table. It has been promoted as a treatment for a variety of disparate ailments, including leukemia, asthma, diabetes, hypertension, fatigue, hepatitis, and Parkinson’s disease. None of these claims has been verified with scientific evidence, but germanium has been linked to liver and kidney damage. Germanium really doesn’t belong in your body and has no proven health benefits, so health-conscious Mansfield residents may want to avoid this one. 

#5: Comfrey

Comfrey is the common English name for plants in the genus Symphytum. Although this family of plants has a history of use in herbal medicine, it may not be good for your health. Although some evidence of the benefits of topical use has been produced, comfrey should not be ingested. This plant contains large amounts of a substance known as pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are hepatotoxic. Ingestion of comfrey can lead to veno-occlusive disease (VOD), a condition in which small veins in the liver become obstructed. Although topical solutions containing comfrey might be beneficial, you should never ingest it. 

Most herbal supplements you’ll find are helpful at best and benign at worst; however, there are a few traditional medicinal herbs and supplements that have actually been shown to have negative health effects. These include silver, aconite, greater celandine, germanium, and comfrey. To preserve your liver and heart health, you should steer clear of supplements containing these ingredients, and find scientifically verified alternatives instead.

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN BOSTON

EEG Neurofeedback in Norfolk County, Boston

A Brief Guide to EEG Brainwave Frequencies

Neurofeedback therapy, available in Mansfield and Norfolk County, is a cutting-edge new approach to managing the symptoms of a wide variety of disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorder, migraine headaches, and other psychological and pain disorders. Neurofeedback therapy uses electroencephalography (EEG), in which electrodes are attached to the scalp to measure the frequencies of electrical oscillations generated by collections of cells in different regions of the brain. Research has indicated that many conditions, including ADHD and anxiety, are associated with abnormal brainwave frequencies in certain areas of the brain that differ from those of “normal” individuals. Neurofeedback uses sound and images, often in a video game like setup, to teach individuals to consciously alter these frequencies to improve psychological or pain symptoms. There are several types of brainwave frequencies, which are associated with different states of consciousness and types of mental activity. These neural oscillations are referred to as “brainwaves” because, when displayed as an EEG reading or expressed using mathematical equations, they take the form of a wave. There are alpha, beta, theta, gamma, and delta frequencies. This article is a brief beginner’s guide to what these frequencies mean.

Alpha Brainwaves

Alpha waves are defined as neural oscillations that fall within the frequency range of 7.5-12.5 Hz. Alpha waves are notably generated in the occipital lobes, the region of the cortex at the back of the brain associated with visual processing, when a person is awake with their eyes closed. Alpha frequencies are associated with relaxation. Early work with EEG neurofeedback was focused on training people to enter the “alpha state” more easily. Alpha biofeedback has potential applications for treating depression, as well as seizures. Some types of zen meditation are associated with increased alpha waves. They are associated with a mentally restful state, as opposed to active mental attention.

Beta Brainwaves

Beta brainwaves have frequencies ranging from 12.5 to 30 Hz. Beta states, unlike alpha states, are associated with normal waking consciousness and active mental attention. Neurofeedback therapy for ADHD involves using EEG feedback to change from alpha to beta frequencies in certain areas of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, to increase attention and reduce impulsiveness.

Delta Brainwaves

Delta brainwaves are high-amplitude, low-frequency brainwaves that fall in the range of 0-4 Hz. Delta waves are most strongly associated with deep non-REM stages of sleep, which is known as “slow-wave sleep.” EEG studies of infants and young children have shown that infants spend a lot of time in slow-wave sleep, and that even during wakefulness, children from infancy to as old as five years produce delta waves. Disruptions of delta states are implicated in a number of disorders. For example, in fibromyalgia, research using EEG neuroimaging has revealed the presence of alpha wave intrusion during sleep, when alpha waves appear when actually delta waves should be predominant. This involvement of brainwave frequency in sleep in people with fibromyalgia has led researchers to explore the potential of neurofeedback therapy for treating this difficult and pervasive disorder. Another disorder involving delta-wave dysregulation is schizophrenia. Reduced delta wave activity during sleep, along with increased delta activity during wakefulness, have been shown to correlate with negative symptoms of the disorder such as amotivation, poverty of speech, and the inability to experience pleasure. Disrupted delta wave activity is found in a wide range of other disorders, including depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and narcolepsy.

Theta Rhythms

Theta brainwave rhythms have frequencies of 4-7 Hz, and are detectable with EEG sensors when emitted in the cortex. Cortical theta is most common in young children. In adults, it often appears in drowsy or deeply meditative states, though not in the deepest stages of sleep. It is associated with REM sleep (rapid eye movement), which is when most dreams occur.

Gamma Brainwaves

Gamma frequencies range in frequency from 25-100 Hz. Research into gamma waves has provided evidence that these frequencies may be heavily involved in what we experience as subjective consciousness. These frequencies have been observed in association with the coordination and synchronization of different brain areas involved in conscious awareness, notably visual awareness. Interestingly, EEG neuroimaging research involving monks in meditative states have demonstrated a correlation between gamma activity and transcendental states of consciousness. In a 2004 study, when Tibetan monks were instructed to generate a sense of compassion, they correspondingly generated rhythmic, coherent activity in the 25-40 Hz range. Gamma synchrony may be involved in the bliss, compassion, and tranquility associated with transcendental meditative states. Neurofeedback training may one day be used to help train novice meditators to achieve these states of consciousness, although scientists are still exploring the role of gamma waves in consciousness.

Neurofeedback therapy in Mansfield works by using EEG measurements of brainwave frequencies to help train people to learn to alter their brainwave frequencies at will. Many psychological and pain disorders, including ADHD, anxiety, and fibromyalgia, have been shown to involve underlying brainwave dysregulation. Using neurofeedback therapy, you can actually learn to change these frequencies at will. For example, a child in Mansfield with ADHD may have excessive alpha activity in some brain areas, and can be trained to change to beta frequencies associated with mental focus and concentration. Neurofeedback therapy in Mansfield is an excellent therapy option, and lacks many of the side effects associated with various medications.

EEG NEUROFEEDBACK - HOW IT WORKS

Natural Relief for Headaches

Today in our busy society, the stress of family demands and work stress combined with not enough rest often manifests itself in the form of headaches. When a headache occurs, we tend to reach for painkillers, such as acetaminophen, naproxen, or ibuprofen; however, there are natural alternatives to these drugs.

Ginger Tea

Add about an inch of crushed ginger root to boiling water. This homemade tea will work to reduce inflammation in about the same amount of time it takes an aspirin to work. It has been used for centuries in Asia to treat a number of ailments including stomachaches, nausea, and diarrhea.

Capsaicin Cream

Apply a small amount of capsaicin cream to the inside of your nostril that’s on the side of your head where you are experiencing pain. The active ingredient in this cream is cayenne pepper, and the cream works to block nerve pain signals.

Feverfew

Feverfew has been shown to be effective for treating migraines by reducing inflammation, which takes pressure off the nerves and can help prevent migraines entirely.

Butterbur

Butterbur has been used medicinally since the middle ages, and butterbur extract can be taken daily to help reduce the number and severity of headaches. You may purchase it in capsules, powder, or tincture, and it is thought to have both antispasmodic effects and anti-inflammatory properties.

Magnesium

Magnesium helps to calm nerves, which tend to get overexcited during a migraine. Some studies have found that migraine sufferers tend to be deficient in magnesium. You can also increase your magnesium by taking a multivitamin that contains magnesium or by eating foods like broccoli, beans, soy milk, nuts, or spinach.

Hydrotherapy

Stand in water as hot as you can stand for two minutes (this increases blood flow to the skin), then as cold as you can stand for two minutes (this sends blood to the core of the body). Alternate back and forth for 20 minutes to increase blood flow and circulation, bringing nutrients to organs and carrying away toxins.

Cold (or Hot) Compress

Apply an icepack to your head, making sure not to put the ice directly on your head. You can wrap ice or a bag of frozen vegetables in a towel. Apply heat to the back of the neck with a hot shower, bath, or heating pad. Heat can loosen up the muscles that tighten with tension headaches.

Progressive Relaxation

Progressive muscle relaxation helps you to consciously concentrate on relaxing every muscle in your body beginning at your toes and working all the way up to your head. By reducing muscular tension, this will help reduce pain. There are two steps to progressive muscle relaxation:

1.      First, you deliberately apply tension to certain muscle groups

2.      Secondly, you stop the tension and turn your attention to noticing how the muscles relax as the tension flows away.

When headache pain invades your body, before you reach for a medicinal pain reliever, remember there are numerous alternative methods for relieving headache pain.

NEUROFEEDBACK FOR HEADACHES/ MIGRAINES

Boston Neurofeedback - Interview with Dianne Kosto of BrainCore Therapy

BrainCore of Greater Boston offers neurofeedback to residents in Mansfield, Foxboro, and surrounding areas. BrainCore Therapy is a drugless, painless, and non-invasive approach to addressing the symptoms of many common neurological conditions including: ADD/ADHD, Anxiety, Depression, Insomnia, Migraines, PTSD, and Autism. In this video, Stefan Georgi of Market Taffy, LLC chats with BrainCore of Boston founder Dianne Kosto about how neurofeedback works, and how residents of Boston can benefit from it. She also talks about her own personal journey, and why she believes neurofeedback saved her son's life.

Watch this video on YouTube: Boston Neurofeedback
Learn more about BrainCore of Greater Boston 

Identifying and Treating Anxiety Disorders in Foxboro

If you’re feeling fearful in Foxboro, you may actually be suffering from an anxiety disorder. Anxiety is characterized by overwhelming feelings of extreme fearfulness and worry, beyond what would qualify as a rational response. Although a person with anxiety may recognize that their feelings don’t quite make sense, they still cannot control these emotions. 

The symptoms of anxiety include:

·         Excessive worry

·         Excessive fearfulness

·         Irritability

·         Panic attacks

·         Shaking and trembling

·         Headaches

·         Stomachaches

·         Sweating

·         Trembling

·         Accelerated heart rate

·         Difficulty concentrating

·         Impaired performance at school or work

·         Interference of anxiety with relationships

There are several anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, phobic disorder, and panic disorder.

Medications for Anxiety

Anxiety disorders are frequently treated with prescription medications, usually selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or benzodiazepines. SSRIs are often used as a long-term anxiety treatment. These drugs can take several weeks to begin working effectively, but are often effective for reducing anxiety symptoms. Many anxiety patients have good results with SSRIs, but other people find that the side effects are highly problematic. 

Side effects of SSRIs often include: 

·         Lack of energy

·         Increased appetite

·         Weight gain

·         Impairment of sexual desire and performance

·         Stomach upset

·         Nausea

·         Headaches

·         Drowsiness or somnolence

While SSRIs are a long-term treatment modality, more immediate anxiety relief is often found in benzodiazepines like Xanax. Although Xanax can “mellow out” an anxious person, benzodiazepines are not without side effects, including:

·         Memory deficits

·         Impaired coordination

·         Lightheadedness

·         Changes in appetite

·         Fatigue

·         Drowsiness

·         Impaired concentration

·         Unsteadiness, trembling, or other problems with muscle control

·         Unusual weakness or tiredness

·         Abdominal pain

·         Blurred vision

·         Increased appetite

·         Changes in sexual desire

·         Weight gain

·         Interference with menstrual cycle

Like SSRIs, benzodiazepines treat the symptoms of anxiety by altering neurotransmitter levels, but at the cost of side effects that can sometimes be more problematic than the original anxiety was. Xanax and other benzodiazepines are known for their tendency to be habit-forming, which needs to be taken into consideration when these medications are prescribed. People occasionally become addicted to the pleasant emotional sensations associated with Xanax, and long-term misuse can have adverse health consequences.

Managing Anxiety with NeurofeedbackTherapy

Neurofeedback therapy is a promising alternative to drug-based therapies for anxiety disorders. In neurofeedback therapy for anxiety, EEG (electroencephalographic) neuroimaging technology is used to identify dysregulation in electrical frequencies in areas of the brain associated with mood regulation. People with anxiety disorder often emit abnormally high levels of beta brainwave frequencies, associated with concentration and mentally alert states in certain regions of the brain. Neurofeedback therapy can be used to train individuals to alter these brainwaves to more relaxed alpha and theta states, which can help reduce the symptoms of anxiety. Neurofeedback training occurs over numerous sessions by a trial-and-error learning process, but can cause lasting changes in the brain that allow its benefits to persist long after therapy is completed. Neurofeedback is a useful alternative or addition to pharmaceutical anxiety therapies, and is known for its complete lack of negative side effects. During 40 years of research on neurofeedback therapy, it has repeatedly been proven to be safe and side-effect-free. Neurofeedback participants also report undergoing therapy is a relaxing and enjoyable experience. Neurofeedback therapy is now available in Foxboro and may be a helpful addition for managing your anxiety.

Anxiety disorders are characterized by constant, overwhelming feelings of fear and worry, often to an irrational extent and without any identifiable cause. There are several types of anxiety disorders, all of which can be managed with cognitive-behavioral therapy, prescription medications, and neurofeedback therapy. Anxiety can be a debilitating condition causing significant impairment in academic and occupational performance, in the person’s overall sense of well-being, and in interpersonal relationships; however, it is treatable and many people have successfully overcome anxiety.

NEUROFEEDBACK IN FOXBORO